Práticas Avançadas de Enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde: um protocolo de revisão sistemática / Advanced Practice Nursing in primary health care: a systematic review protocol

OBJETIVO: Sumarizar as evidências existentes acerca das ações de Prática Avançada em Enfermagem no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde à nível mundial através de uma revisão sistemática. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um protocolo desenvolvido com base nas diretrizes do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). O protocolo foi registrado no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) sob o ID: CRD42022301785. Para condução da revisão, a busca sistemática será realizada nas bases de dados ScienceDirect, Scopus, Medical Literature Analyses and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase) e Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), sendo utilizada a seguinte expressão de busca: (("Advanced Practice Nursing" OR Nursing OR "Nursing specialities") AND "Primary Health Care" AND "Public Health"). Os critérios de inclusão incluem todos os estudos transversais publicados em inglês até outubro de 2022 que respondam à questão de pesquisa. Destes, serão excluídos: (i) estudos em animais; (ii) cartas, editoriais, revisões de literatura, revisões sistemáticas e metanálises.

OBECTIVE: To synthesize the existing evidence on advanced practice nursing interventions in primary health care settings worldwide through a systematic review. METHOD: A protocol was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under ID: CRD42022301785. To conduct the review, a systematic search will be performed in the databases ScienceDirect, Scopus, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) using the following search terms: (("Advanced Practice Nursing" OR Nursing OR "Nursing specialties") AND "Primary Health Care" AND "Public Health"). Inclusion criteria include all cross-sectional studies published in English through October 2022 that address the research question. The following will be excluded: (i) animal studies; (ii) letters, editorials, literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Ophthalmic manifestations of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): A systematic review of reported cases with and without prior history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to study reported cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma presenting with ophthalmic manifestations with and without a prior diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE database in PubMed and Google Scholar. We included patients with a previous diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Group I and those without a prior diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Group II. Data included demographics, clinical presentation, history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, treatment, histopathological description, World Health Organization classification, and outcome. Results: Fifty-eight patients (26 in Group I and 32 in Group II) were included. The male-to-female ratio was 3:1. The mean age of the patients (53.3 ± 11.7 years and 54.8 ± 16.2 years, respectively) and gender did not differ significantly between the two groups. The most common ocular presentations were diplopia and proptosis in the first group (each in 34.6%), whereas visual disturbance was most common in the second group (46.9%). Treatment options and World Health Organization grading were comparable. The outcome in 38 patients (after a comparable follow-up period) was significantly better in group II (p=0.003). There was no statistically significant difference in the outcome of 23 patients in correlation with World Health Organization grades II versus III irrespective of group (p=0.094). Conclusions: The demographics of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma presenting with ophthalmic manifestations were similar between the two study groups, with a wide age range and male predominance. Patients presenting initially to ophthalmologists with no history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma have a more favorable outcome. World Health Organization grading may have less value as a prognostic indicator.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of phantom limb pain: a systematic review / Estimulação magnética transcraniana no tratamento da dor do membro fantasma: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Background Phantom limb pain (PLP) occurs after amputations and can persist in a chronic and debilitating way. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation method capable of influencing brain function and modulating cortical excitability. Its effectiveness in treating chronic pain is promising. Objective To evaluate the evidence on the efficacy and safety of using rTMS in the treatment of PLP, observing the stimulation parameters used, side effects, and benefits of the therapy. Methods This is a systematic review of scientific articles published in national and international literature using electronic platforms. Results Two hundred and fifty two articles were identified. Two hundred and forty six publications were removed because they were duplicated or met the exclusion criteria. After selection, six studies were reviewed, those being two randomized clinical trials and four case reports. All evaluated studies indicated some degree of benefit of rTMS to relieve painful symptoms, even temporarily. Pain perception was lower at the end of treatment when compared to the period prior to the sessions and remained during patient follow-up. There was no standardization of the stimulation parameters used. There were no reports of serious adverse events. The effects of long-term therapy have not been evaluated. Conclusion There are some benefits, even if temporary, in the use of rTMS to relieve painful symptoms in PLP. High-frequency stimulation at M1 demonstrated a significant analgesic effect. Given the potential that has been demonstrated, but limited by the paucity of high-quality studies, further controlled studies are needed to establish and standardize the clinical use of the method.

Resumo Antecedentes A dor do membro fantasma (DMF) ocorre após amputações e pode persistir de forma crônica e debilitante. A estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) é um método de neuromodulação não invasivo capaz de influenciar a função cerebral e modular a excitabilidade cortical. Sua eficácia no tratamento da dor crônica é promissora. Objetivo Avaliar as evidências sobre a eficácia e segurança do uso da EMTr no tratamento da DMF, observando os parâmetros de estimulação utilizados, efeitos colaterais e benefícios da terapia. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos publicados na literatura nacional e internacional utilizando plataformas eletrônicas. Resultados Foram identificados 252 artigos. Duzentas e quarenta e seis publicações foram removidas por estarem duplicadas ou atenderem aos critérios de exclusão. Após a seleção, foram revisados seis estudos, sendo dois ensaios clínicos randomizados e quatro relatos de caso. Todos os estudos avaliados indicaram algum grau de benefício da EMTr no alívio dos sintomas dolorosos, mesmo que temporariamente. A percepção da dor foi menor ao final do tratamento quando comparada ao período anterior às sessões e permaneceu durante o acompanhamento do paciente. Não houve padronização dos parâmetros de estimulação utilizados. Não houve relatos de eventos adversos graves. Os efeitos da terapia a longo prazo não foram avaliados. Conclusão Existem alguns benefícios, mesmo que temporários, no uso da EMTr para alívio dos sintomas dolorosos na DMF. A estimulação de alta frequência em M1 demonstrou um efeito analgésico significativo. Dado o potencial demonstrado, mas limitado pela escassez de estudos de alta qualidade, são necessários mais estudos controlados para estabelecer e padronizar o uso clínico do método.

Pharmacological treatment for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective Summarize the evidence on drug therapies for obstructive sleep apnea. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched on February 17th, 2023. A search strategy retrieved randomized clinical trials comparing the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) in pharmacotherapies. Studies were selected and data was extracted by two authors independently. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. RevMan 5.4. was used for data synthesis. Results 4930 articles were obtained, 68 met inclusion criteria, and 29 studies (involving 11 drugs) were combined in a meta-analysis. Atomoxetine plus oxybutynin vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -7.71 (-10.59, -4.83) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 50 %, overall effect: Z = 5.25, p < 0.001]. Donepezil vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -8.56 (-15.78, -1.33) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 21 %, overall effect: Z = 2.32, p = 0.02]. Sodium oxybate vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -5.50 (-9.28, -1.73) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 32 %, overall effect: Z = 2.86, p = 0.004]. Trazodone vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -12.75 (-21.30, -4.19) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 0 %, overall effect: Z = 2.92, p = 0.003]. Conclusion The combination of noradrenergic and antimuscarinic drugs shows promising results. Identifying endotypes may be the key to future drug therapies for obstructive sleep apnea. Moreover, studies with longer follow-up assessing the safety and sustained effects of these treatments are needed. PROSPERO registration number CRD42022362639.

Brain insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review / Resistência insulínica cerebral e a doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT. The disability of cells to react to insulin, causing glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia, is referred to as insulin resistance. This clinical condition, which has been well-researched in organs such as adipose tissue, muscle, and liver, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) when it occurs in the brain. Objective: The authors aimed to gather data from the current literature on brain insulin resistance (BIR) and its likely repercussions on neurodegenerative disorders, more specifically AD, through a systematic review. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple medical databases, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), and PubMed®, employing the descriptors: "insulin resistance", "brain insulin resistance", "Alzheimer's disease", "neurodegeneration", and "cognition". The authors focused their search on English-language studies published between 2000 and 2023 that investigated the influence of BIR on neurodegenerative disorders or offered insights into BIR's underlying mechanisms. Seventeen studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results: The results indicate that BIR is a phenomenon observed in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Studies suggest that impaired glucose utilization and uptake, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and synaptic plasticity changes caused by BIR are linked to cognitive problems. However, conflicting results were observed regarding the association between AD and BIR, with some studies suggesting no association. Conclusion: Based on the evaluated studies, it can be concluded that the association between AD and BIR remains inconclusive, and additional research is needed to elucidate this relationship.

RESUMO. A incapacidade das células de reagir à insulina, ocasionando intolerância à glicose e hiperglicemia, é chamada de resistência à insulina. Essa condição clínica, que tem sido bem pesquisada em órgãos como tecido adiposo, músculo e fígado, tem sido associada às doenças neurodegenerativas como a doença de Alzheimer (DA) quando ocorre no cérebro. Objetivo: O objetivo dos autores foi reunir os dados da literatura atual sobre a resistência insulínica cerebral (RIC) e sua provável repercussão em doenças neurodegenerativas, mais especificamente na DA, por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa abrangente em vários bancos de dados médicos, incluindo o Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) e PubMed, empregando os descritores: "resistência à insulina", "resistência insulínica cerebral", "doença de Alzheimer", "neurodegeneração" e "cognição". Os autores concentraram sua busca em estudos no idioma inglês publicados entre 2000 e 2023 que investigaram a influência da RIC em distúrbios neurodegenerativos ou ofereceram insights sobre os mecanismos subjacentes da RIC. Dezessete estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram selecionados. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que a RIC é um fenômeno observado em uma variedade de doenças neurodegenerativas, incluindo a DA. Estudos sugerem que a utilização e captação prejudicadas de glicose, a produção reduzida de trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) e as alterações na plasticidade sinápticas causadas pela RIC estão ligadas a problemas cognitivos. No entanto, foram observados resultados conflitantes com relação à associação entre DA e RIC, com alguns estudos sugerindo nenhuma associação. Conclusão: Com base nos estudos avaliados, pode-se concluir que a associação entre DA e RIC ainda é inconclusiva, e pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para elucidar essa relação.

Efficacy of Respiratory Muscle Training in the Immediate Postoperative Period of Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of respiratory muscle training during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery on respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, functional capacity, and length of hospital stay. Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive search on PubMed®, Excerpta Medica Database (or Embase), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (or CINAHL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (or LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (or SciELO), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (or PEDro), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was performed. A combination of free-text words and indexed terms referring to cardiac surgery, coronary artery bypass grafting, respiratory muscle training, and clinical trials was used. A total of 792 studies were identified; after careful selection, six studies were evaluated. Results: The studies found significant improvement after inspiratory muscle training (IMT) (n = 165, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.68, 21.99) and expiratory muscle training (EMT) (n = 135, 95% CI 8.59, 27.07) of maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure, respectively. Also, IMT increased significantly (95% CI 19.59, 349.82, n = 85) the tidal volume. However, no differences were found in the peak expiratory flow, functional capacity, and length of hospital stay after EMT and IMT. Conclusion: IMT and EMT demonstrated efficacy in improving respiratory muscle strength during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery. There was no evidence indicating the efficacy of IMT for pulmonary function and length of hospital stay and the efficacy of EMT for functional capacity.

Hemostasis Using Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of present study was to comprehensively explore the efficacy and safety of prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) to treat massive bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: PubMed®, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies investigating PCC administration during cardiac surgery published before September 10, 2022. Mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to analyze continuous data, and dichotomous data were analyzed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI. Results: Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with other non-PCC treatment regimens, PCC was not associated with elevated mortality (RR=1.18, 95% CI=0.86-1.60, P=0.30, I2=0%), shorter hospital stay (MD=-2.17 days; 95% CI=-5.62-1.28, P=0.22, I2=91%), reduced total thoracic drainage (MD=-67.94 ml, 95% CI=-239.52-103.65, P=0.44, I2=91%), thromboembolic events (RR=1.10, 95% CI=0.74-1.65, P=0.63, I2=39%), increase in atrial fibrillation events (RR=0.73, 95% CI=0.52-1.05, P=0.24, I2=29%), and myocardial infarction (RR=1.10, 95% CI=0.80-1.51, P=0.57, I2=81%). However, PCC use was associated with reduced intensive care unit length of stay (MD=-0.81 days, 95% CI=-1.48- -0.13, P=0.02, I2=0%), bleeding (MD=-248.67 ml, 95% CI=-465.36- -31.97, P=0.02, I2=84%), and intra-aortic balloon pump/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (RR=0.65, 95% CI=0.42-0.996, P=0.05, I2=0%) when compared with non-PCC treatment regimens. Conclusion: The use of PCC in cardiac surgery did not correlate with mortality, length of hospital stay, thoracic drainage, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, and thromboembolic events. However, PCC significantly improved postoperative intensive care unit length of stay, bleeding, and intra-aortic balloon pump/ extracorporeal membrane oxygenation outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Prevalence of errors causing events allegedly attributable to vaccination/immunization: systematic review and meta-analysis / Prevalencia de errores causantes de acontecimientos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación/inmunización: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Prevalência de erros que causaram eventos supostamente atribuíveis à vacinação/imunização: revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence of errors that caused events supposedly attributable to vaccination or immunization. Method: Systematic literature review with meta-analysis carried out on the Medline, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scopus; Embase; Open Grey; Google Scholar; and Grey Lit databases; with studies that presented the prevalence of immunization errors that caused events or that provided data that allowed this indicator to be calculated. Results: We evaluated 11 articles published between 2010 and 2021, indicating a prevalence of 0.044 errors per 10,000 doses administered (n=762; CI95%: 0.026 - 0.075; I2 = 99%, p < 0.01). The prevalence was higher in children under 5 (0.334 / 10,000 doses; n=14). The predominant events were fever, local pain, edema and redness. Conclusion: A low prevalence of errors causing events was identified. However, events supposedly attributable to vaccination or immunization can contribute to vaccine hesitancy and, consequently, have an impact on vaccination coverage.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de errores que causaron eventos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación o inmunización. Método: Revisión sistemática de la literatura con metaanálisis realizada en las bases de datos Medline, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scopus; Embase; Open Grey; Google Scholar; y Grey Lit; con estudios que presentaran la prevalencia de errores de inmunización que causaron eventos o que aportaran datos que permitieran calcular este indicador. Resultados: Se evaluaron 11 artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2021, indicando una prevalencia de 0,044 errores por cada 10.000 dosis administradas (n=762; IC95%: 0,026 - 0,075; I2 = 99%, p < 0,01). La prevalencia fue mayor en niños menores de 5 años (0,334 / 10.000 dosis; n=14). Los eventos predominantes fueron fiebre, dolor local, edema y enrojecimiento. Conclusión: Se identificó una baja prevalencia de eventos causantes de errores. Sin embargo, los eventos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación o inmunización pueden contribuir a la indecisión sobre la vacunación y, en consecuencia, repercutir en la cobertura vacunal.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de erros que causaram eventos supostamente atribuíveis à vacinação ou imunização. Método: Revisão sistemática da literatura com metanálise realizada nas bases Medline, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Web of Science, Lilacs, Scopus; Embase; Open Grey; Google Scholar; e Grey Lit; com estudos que apresentassem prevalência de erros de imunização que causaram eventos ou que disponibilizassem dados que permitissem o cálculo deste indicador. Resultados: Avaliou-se 11 artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2021, apontando prevalência de 0,044 erros por 10.000 doses administradas (n=762; IC95%: 0,026 - 0,075; I2= 99%, p < 0,01). A prevalência foi maior em crianças menores de 5 anos (0,334 / 10.000 doses; n=14). Quanto aos eventos, predominou-se: febre, dor local, edema, rubor. Conclusão: Identificou-se uma prevalência baixa de erros que causaram eventos. Entretanto, os eventos supostamente atribuíveis à vacinação ou imunização podem contribuir para a hesitação vacinal e, consequentemente, impactar nas coberturas vacinais.

Violência nas aulas de Educação Física escolar: uma revisão da produção científica no Brasil de 2017 a 2022 / Violence in school Physical Education classes: a review of scientific production in Brazil from 2017 to 2022 / Violencia en las clases de Educación Física escolar: una revisión de la producción científica en Brasil de 2017 a 2022

Objetivou-se levantar a produção científica na literatura sobre violência nas aulas de EF escolar nos últimos 5 anos. Desenvolveu-se uma revisão sistemática sobre a temática de violência nas áreas da Educação e EF através do método PRISMA. As bases consultadas foram Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus e Google Acadêmico, durante setembro/2022- outubro/2022. Foram encontrados 1028 estudos e, após aplicados os filtros de seleção, chegou-se a 14 trabalhos. Percebeu- se uma ascendência de pesquisas relacionadas à violência escolar e EF de cunho qualitativo e predominantes nas regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. Os dados mostram que os cursos de formação de professores de EF ainda carecem de informações sobre o fenômeno da violência escolar, questão que afeta a vivência pedagógica dos docentes, uma vez que a postura do professor pode gerar e/ou intensificar atos de violência ao corpo docente e discente, tendo a escola, muitas vezes, um papel omisso frente à problemática.

The objective was to survey the scientific production in the literature on violence in PE classes at school in the last 5 years. A systematic review was developed on the theme of violence in the areas of Education and PE using the PRISMA method. The databases consulted were Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus and Google Scholar, during September/2022-October/2022. 1028 studies were found and, after applying the selection filters, 14 works were reached. An ascendance of research related to school violence and PE of a qualitative nature and predominant in the Southeast and South regions of Brazil was noticed. The data show that the training courses for PE teachers still lack information about the phenomenon of school violence, an issue that affects the pedagogical experience of teachers, since their attitude can generate and/or intensify acts of violence against teachers and students, with the school often having a silent role in the face of the problem.

El objetivo fue relevar la producción científica en la literatura sobre la violencia en las clases de EF en la escuela en los últimos 5 años. Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática sobre el tema de la violencia en las áreas de Educación y EF utilizando el método PRISMA. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus y Google Scholar, durante septiembre/2022-octubre/2022. Se encontraron 1028 estudios y, después de aplicar los filtros de selección, se llegó a 14 trabajos. Se notó un ascenso de investigaciones relacionadas con la violencia escolar y la EF de carácter cualitativo y predominantes en las regiones Sureste y Sur de Brasil. Los datos muestran que los cursos de formación de docentes de EF aún carecen de información sobre el fenómeno de la violencia escolar, tema que afecta la experiencia pedagógica de los docentes, ya que la actitud del profesor puede generar y/o intensificar actos de violencia contra docentes y alumnos, teniendo la escuela muchas veces un papel silencioso frente al problema.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis latent infection in healthcare students: systematic review of prevalence / Infecção latente por Mycobacterium tuberculosis em estudantes da área da saúde: revisão sistemática de prevalência / Infección latente por Mycobacterium tuberculosis en estudiantes de la salud: revisión sistemática de la prevalencia

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among undergraduate health care students. Methods: A systematic review of prevalence with meta-analysis was conducted. Prospective and retrospective cohorts and cross-sectional studies involving probable exposure to M. tuberculosis during undergraduate education, along with the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) for investigation of latent tuberculosis were searched. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Independent reviewers were responsible for the selection and inclusion of studies. Data were extracted, critically appraised, and synthesized using the JBI approach. PRISMA was used to report the study. Results: Twenty-two studies were analyzed. The overall prevalence in healthcare undergraduate students was 12.53%. Conclusion: The prevalence of LTBI in undergraduate health students was high for such a highly educated population. Screening with TST and/or IGRA and chemoprophylaxis, when necessary, should be provided to undergraduate health students when in contact with respiratory symptomatic patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi sintetizar as evidências sobre a prevalência de infecção de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ILTB) entre estudantes de graduação da área da saúde. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de prevalência com metanálise. Coortes prospectivas e retrospectivas e estudos transversais envolvendo provável exposição a M. tuberculosis durante a graduação, juntamente com o teste tuberculínico (TT) ou ensaio de liberação de interferon-γ (IGRA) para investigação de tuberculose latente foram pesquisados. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus e Web of Science. Revisores independentes foram responsáveis pela seleção e inclusão dos estudos. Os dados foram extraídos, avaliados criticamente e sintetizados utilizando a abordagem JBI. PRISMA foi usado para relatar o estudo. Resultados: Vinte e dois estudos foram analisados. A prevalência geral em estudantes de graduação da área da saúde foi de 12,53%. Conclusão: A prevalência de ILTB em estudantes de graduação em saúde foi alta para uma população com alto nível de escolaridade. Triagem com TT e/ou IGRA e quimioprofilaxia, quando necessária, deve ser fornecida aos estudantes de graduação da área da saúde quando em contato com pacientes sintomáticos respiratórios.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue sintetizar la evidencia sobre la prevalencia de infección latente por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ILTB) entre estudiantes universitarios de la salud. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la prevalencia con metanálisis. Cohortes prospectivas y retrospectivas y estudios transversales que involucran exposición probable a M tuberculosis durante la educación universitaria, junto con la prueba cutánea de tuberculina (TST) o el ensayo de liberación de interferón-γ (IGRA) para la investigación de tuberculosis latente. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus y Web of Science. Revisores independientes fueron responsables de la selección e inclusión de los estudios. Los datos se extrajeron, se evaluaron críticamente y se sintetizaron utilizando el enfoque JBI. Se utilizó PRISMA para informar el estudio. Resultados: Se analizaron veintidós estudios. La prevalencia global en estudiantes universitarios en salud fue del 12,53%. Conclusión: La prevalencia de LTBI en estudiantes universitarios de salud fue alta para una población con un nivel educativo tan alto. Se debe proporcionar tamizaje con TST y/o IGRA y quimioprofilaxis, cuando sea necesario, a los estudiantes universitarios en salud cuando estén en contacto con pacientes sintomáticos respiratorios.

Antibiotics prophylaxis at the time of catheter removal after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis

Purpose: To conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to identify whether antibiotic prophylaxis after removal of the indwelling urinary catheter reduces posterior infections. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, using the keywords "antibiotics" AND "prostatectomy" AND "urinary catheter." Results: Three articles were identified having the scope of our review, with 1,040 patients, which were subjected to our meta-analysis revealing a marginally significant decrease in the risk of urinary infection after indwelling urinary catheter removal (odds ratio-OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval-95%CI 0.27-0.98; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%). No difference was found regarding the presence of bacteriuria (OR = 0.39; 95%CI 0.12-1.24; p = 0.11; I2 = 73%). Conclusions: In our meta-analysis, there was a significant decrease in urinary tract infection with antibiotic prophylaxis after indwelling urinary catheter removal following radical prostatectomy.

The association between gaming disorder and impulsivity: A systematic review / Associação entre transtornos por jogos eletrônicos e impulsividade: uma revisão sistemática

Objective Impulsivity has been robustly linked to various addictions, including behavioral addictions. This systematic review aimed to investigate possible relationships between impulsivity and gaming disorder. Method A total of 1,710 empirical studies, without date or language restrictions, were retrieved from Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, PsycNET, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. In total, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for extraction, quantitative analysis, and integrative synthesis. Results Overall, a positive association was observed between gaming disorder and both self-reported measures of impulsivity and behavioral measures of impulsivity. Gaming disorder was associated with the presence of high-risk trends, high sensitivity to rewards, reduced inhibitory control, and low self-control among video game players. Conclusion The present systematic review provides preliminary support for the robust association between impulsivity and gaming disorder. However, given the methodological heterogeneity in assessment instruments and statistical procedures, the identified association should be interpreted cautiously.

Objetivo A impulsividade tem estado fortemente ligada a vários tipos de dependência, incluindo as dependências comportamentais. Esta revisão sistemática visou investigar possíveis relações entre a impulsividade e o transtorno por jogos eletrônicos. Método Um total de 1.710 estudos empíricos, sem restrições de data ou linguagem, foram recuperados das bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, PsycNET, Scopus, e Web of Science. No total, 16 estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos para extração, análise quantitativa, e síntese integrativa. Resultados Observou-se uma associação positiva entre o transtorno por jogos eletrônicos e as medidas de impulsividade e de comportamento de impulsividade autorrelatadas. O transtorno por jogos eletrônicos foi associado à presença de tendências de alto risco, alta sensibilidade às recompensas, controle inibitório reduzido, e baixo autocontrole entre os jogadores. Conclusão A presente revisão fornece apoio preliminar para uma associação robusta entre a impulsividade e o transtorno por jogos eletrônicos. Contudo, dada a heterogeneidade metodológica nos instrumentos de avaliação e procedimentos estatísticos, esta associação deve ser interpretada com cautela.

Overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract This review aimed to assess the association between overweight/obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children/adolescents. Searches were performed in the Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, Embase and SciELO, Lilacs and Open Grey literature databases up to June 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies, the checklist for cohort studies, and the checklist for case-control studies were used. A total of 41 publications were included, and 15 meta-analyses were performed. The authors analyzed the differences in weighted mean difference (MD) and odds ratios (OR), and their corresponding confidence intervals (CI) (95%) for dental caries among eutrophic and obese and/or overweight children/adolescents. Meta-analyses showed that there was no association between overweight and/or obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children/adolescents for most anthropometric reference curves using BMI (Body Mass Index). A greater experience of dental caries was associated with well-nourished adolescents in permanent dentition, compared with obese individuals in the same dentition, as classified by the CDC 2000 curve (OR = 2.53, 95% CI;1.49-4.29; p = 0.0006; I2 = 0%) in dichotomous outcome studies, and (MD = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.08-1.15; p = 0.02; I2 = 0%) in continuous studies. The strength of the evidence of the results was classified as very low, low or moderate. It was concluded that there is no association between overweight and/or obesity and dental caries in Brazilian children/adolescents for most anthropometric reference curves using BMI. A greater experience of dental caries was associated with well-nourished adolescents in permanent dentition, compared with obese individuals in the same dentition, as classified by the CDC 2000 curve.

Psychological resilience and mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective This systematic review aims to describe the relationship between psychological resilience and mood disorders. Methods This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. The following databases were searched on November 6, 2020: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase. Results Twenty-three articles were included and the majority of the studies included (95.7%) showed that psychological resilience has a positive impact in mood disorders. Our meta-analysis showed that individuals with bipolar disorder presented significantly lower levels of psychological resilience compared to controls (standardized mean difference [SDM]: -0.99 [95% confidence interval {95%CI}: -1.13 to -0.85], p < 0.001). In addition, individuals with depression had significantly lower levels of psychological resilience compared to controls (SDM: -0.71 [95%CI -0.81 to -0.61], p < 0.001). Conclusion Our results showed that individuals with mood disorders are less resilient than individuals without mood disorders. Our findings reinforce the importance of investigating interventions that may help to improve psychological resilience considering its positive impact in the context of mood disorders.

Risk factors for postoperative pulmonary infection in lung cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To systematically evaluate the risk factors for postoperative pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer (PPILC), and to provide a theoretical reference for clinicians to prevent the occurrence of PPILC. Methods     The databases of CNKI, Wanfang data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EMbase and The Cochrane Library were searched by computer to collect researches on the risk factors for PPILC. The search period was from 2012 to 2021. Two clinicians independently screened literature and extracted data and assessed studies for risk of bias, cross-checked and agreed. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results     A total of 25 studies were included, including 20 case-control studies, 1 cohort study, and 4 cross-sectional studies, covering 15 129 patients. Twenty case-control studies and 1 cohort study had Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scores≥6 points, and 4 cross-sectional studies had the Agency for Health Care Quality and Research (AHRQ) scale scores≥6 points. The results of meta-analysis showed that the risk factors for PPILC included: (1) 4 patient's own factors: age≥60 years, male, smoking history, smoking index≥400; (2) 7 preoperative factors: suffering from diabetes, chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced expiratory volume<70%, the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to the predicted value, preoperative airway colonization, non-standard use of prophylactic antibiotics before surgery; (3) 3 intraoperative factors: operation time≥3 h, thoracotomy, the number of resected lobe≥2; (4) 3 postoperative factors: postoperative pain, postoperative mechanical ventilation≥12 h, postoperative invasive operation. Large number of preoperative lymphocyte, intraoperative systematic lymph node dissection, TNM stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and enhanced recovery after surgery were protective factors for PPILC. Conclusion     The current research evidence shows that multiple factors are associated with the risk of PPILC. However, considering the influence of the quality and quantity of the included literature, the results of this study urgently need to be further verified by more high-quality clinical studies.

Meta-analysis of Distribution Frequency of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome in Primary Osteoporosis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） syndromes of primary osteoporosis（POP） in China by using evidence-based medicine methods， and to understand the distribution law of the syndromes. MethodChina National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）， VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database（VIP）， WanFang Data Knowledge Service Platform（WanFang） and China Biology Medicine（CBM） were searched to obtain representative literature， and each database was searched from the 1994 World Health Organization defined diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis until May 1， 2023. Two researchers independently screened literature according to the criteria， extracted data， and cross-checked them. Meta analysis was conducted using R4.1.3， and subgroup analysis was performed. ResultA total of 56 Chinese papers were included， involving 14 415 patients. After standardized classification of syndromes， 11 articles were excluded， and Meta analysis results of the ultimately included 45 Chinese articles showed that the distribution frequencies of liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome， spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome and kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in 12 723 patients were 27%［95% confidence interval（CI） 0.24-0.31］， 32%（95% CI 0.29-0.36）， 36%（95% CI 0.30-0.42）. Subgroup analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the three TCM syndromes in the north and south（P<0.05）. In addition， the incidence of TCM syndrome fractures in different types of POP was 15%（95% CI 0.09-0.24） for liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome， 20%（95% CI 0.12-0.30） for spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome， and 31%（95% CI 0.25-0.39） for kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. ConclusionThe distribution of syndromes in POP patients is mainly kidney deficiency， accompanied by liver and spleen dysfunction. Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome， spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome and kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome are all the main syndromes of POP and osteoporotic fractures， and kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome is most closely related to the development of osteoporotic fractures. The reference standards for syndrome determination among the included studies are inconsistent， and in the future， it is necessary to focus on their determination standards to obtain consensus research results， at the same time， conduct large-scale syndrome research to obtain representative research results， providing a basis for clinical practice and research.

Enhancing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals with Down syndrome: An integrative review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS) is a non-rare genetic condition that affects approximately 1 in every 800 live births worldwide. Further, it is associated with comorbidities, anatomical alterations of the respiratory tract, and immunological dysfunctions that make individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections. OBJECTIVE: To systematize the current scientific knowledge about the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among individuals with DS. DESIGN AND SETTING: This integrative review was conducted at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This review was conducted in the following databases: the Virtual Health Library (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, BVS), PubMed, and Web of Science, using MeSH descriptors. The search included English or Portuguese studies published between January 1, 2020, and October 14, 2022. RESULTS: A total of 55 articles from 24 countries were selected, comprising 21 case-control or cohort studies, 23 case reports or series, and 11 narrative reviews or opinion studies. The articles were grouped into five categories: previous comorbidities, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical features and evolution, cytokine storm and interleukins, living in institutions as a risk factor, and behavioral actions as a protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSION: Individuals with DS are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection due to variables such as previous comorbidities, immunological factors, and their habitable environments. These aspects confer a higher risk of infection and an unfavorable clinical course. The precise pathways involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in individuals with DS are not clear, thus requiring further studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: The Open Science Framework registered the research protocol (https://osf.io/jyb97/).

Valores de referencia de espirometría forzada de adultos residentes sobre o bajo 1500 m s. n. m.: revisión sistemática

Introducción: La espirometría es una prueba de función pulmonar usada en la valoración de programas de rehabilitación para evaluar exposiciones a tóxicos y alérgenos, en estudios epidemiológicos y en el desarrollo de ecuaciones de referencia en poblaciones específicas; estos valores pueden variar de acuerdo con la altura. Objetivo: Establecer las diferencias entre los valores de referencia de espirometría forzada en población adulta residentes en alturas mayores y menores a 1500 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Métodos: Revisión sistemática, se encontraron 536 estudios, se evaluaron 66 en texto completo, 33 en calidad metodológica con las listas de chequeo Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies y Quality Assessment of Case-Control Studies; 21 estudios fueron seleccionados para la revisión y 12 surtieron metanálisis. Resultados: Se contó con 48 923 participantes de alturas entre 2,4 y 4440 m s. n. m. Hay diferencias iniciales al relacionar la altura (+/-1500 m s. n. m) con el VEF1 (hombres: DM 0,29; IC: 0,03-0,55; mujeres: DM 0,27; IC: -0,07-0,60) y los valores de referencia con el sexo: CVF (DM 1,31; IC: 1,24-1,37) y VEF1 (DM: 1,03; IC: 0,95-1,11). Se reportó alta heterogeneidad y riesgo de sesgo de publicación. Discusión: Estas diferencias se dan en función de aspectos antropométricos y fisiológicos como la aclimatación y el envejecimiento pulmonar. Los mecanismos que influyen en estos cambios son la adaptación genética, molecular, fisiológica y anatómica, que permiten compensar los efectos de la hipoxia aguda o crónica, lo cual aumenta la ventilación alveolar y los valores espirométricos. Conclusiones: Los valores de referencia de espirometría varían de acuerdo con la altura (mayores en alturas > 1500 m s. n. m) y el sexo (más elevados en hombres). Es necesario contar con evidencias más amplias y contundentes en la temática.

Introduction: Spirometry is a lung function test used in the evaluation of rehabilitation programs to evaluate exposures to toxics and allergens in epidemiological studies and in the development of reference equations in specific populations; these values may vary according to height. Objective: To establish the differences between the reference values of forced spirometry in the adult population living at altitudes greater than and less than 1,500 meters above sea level. Methods: Systematic review a total of 536 studies were found; 66 were assessed in full text and 33 were assessed for methodological quality using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies and Quality Assessment of Case-Control Studies checklists; 21 studies were selected for the review and 12 provided meta-analyses. Results: There were 48,923 participants from heights between 2.4 and 4,440 m.a.s.l. There are initial differences when relating height (+/-1,500 m.a.s.l.) with FEV1 (men: MD 0.29; CI: 0.03-0.55; women: MD 0.27; CI: -0.07-0 .60); and the reference values with gender: FVC (MD 1.31, CI: 1.24-1.37) and FEV1 (MD: 1.03, CI: 0.95-1.11). High heterogeneity and risk of publication bias are reported. Discussion: These differences occur based on anthropometric and physiological aspects such as acclimatization and lung aging. The mechanisms that influence these changes are genetic, molecular, physiological and anatomical adaptations that allow compensation for the effects of acute or chronic hypoxia, which increases alveolar ventilation and spirometric values. Conclusions: The spirometry reference values vary according to height (higher at heights >1,500 m.a.s.l.) and sex (higher in men). It is necessary to have broader and more convincing evidence on the subject.

Post-operative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis: A meta-review on systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Introduction: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications in surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia, and multiple strategies have been suggested to prevent them. Objective: To describe the available evidence on the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for preventing PONV in adults undergoing surgery under general anesthesia, as reported in previous meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Methodology: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, EBSCO, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, Science Direct, and Scopus, without restrictions as to gender, clinical condition, or date of publication, including articles in Spanish, French, and English only. Two reviewers independently and in duplicate did the screening, data extraction, quality evaluation, and risk of bias assessment according to AMSTAR-2. The PRISMA and PRIOR statements were followed for reporting. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021251999. Results: Out of 80 candidate articles, three were viable for meta-analysis. 1.5 mg to 18 mg doses of Dexamethasone showed a significant reduction in the risk of PONV, with a RR of 0.48 (95 % CI 0.41-0.57; p<0.001), I2=63 % (p=0.07), and a NNTc of 5 and 7. Other effective strategies included the use of acoustic stimulation/acupuncture/acupressure, 5HT3 antagonists, NK1 antagonists, gabapentinoids, haloperidol, droperidol, metoclopramide, midazolam, mirtazapine, among others. The risk of publication bias was low. Conclusion: Different strategies are effective for PONV prophylaxis in surgeries under general anesthesia. Dexamethasone shows the best available evidence at the moment. The documented methodological quality suggests the need for better studies to establish the effectiveness of the strategies.

Introducción: Las náuseas y el vómito posoperatorios (NVPO) son comunes en pacientes quirúrgicos bajo anestesia general y se han planteado múltiples estrategias para prevenirlos. Objetivo: Describir la evidencia disponible sobre la efectividad de las estrategias farmacológicas y no farmacológicas para prevenir las NVPO en adultos sometidos a cirugía bajo anestesia general, según lo descrito en metaanálisis y revisiones sistemáticas previas. Metodología: Se realizó una metarrevisión de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Se ejecutaron búsquedas en PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Database, ScienceDirect y Scopus, sin restricción por sexo, condición clínica ni fecha de publicación, solo de artículos en español, francés e inglés. Dos revisores llevaron a cabo tamizaje, extracción de datos, evaluación de calidad y riesgo de sesgo según AMSTAR-2, de manera independiente y en duplicado. Se siguieron las declaraciones PRISMA y PRIOR para el reporte, previo registro en Prospero CRD42021251999. Resultados: De 80 artículos candidatos, se seleccionaron tres viables para realización de metaanálisis. La dexametasona entre 1,5 mg y 18 mg mostró un RR=0,48 (IC95 % [0,41-0,57]; p<0,001), I2=63 % (p=0,07) y un NNTc 5 y 7. Otras estrategias efectivas incluyen el uso de acuestimulación/acupuntura/acupresión, antagonistas 5HT3, antagonistas NK1, gabapentinoides, haloperidol, droperidol, metoclopramida, midazolam, mirtazapina, entre otras. El riesgo de sesgo de las publicaciones fue bajo. Conclusión: Diferentes estrategias son efectivas para profilaxis NVPO en cirugías con anestesia general. Dexametasona presenta la mejor evidencia disponible al momento. La calidad metodológica documentada sugiere la necesidad de realizar mejores trabajos para determinar la efectividad de las estrategias.

What are the effects of drugs for nausea and vomiting prevention following general anesthesia? Summary and comments regarding a Cochrane Collaboration network meta-analysis

The aim of this special article is to summarize and discuss, from an anesthesia perspective, the network meta-analysis on drugs used for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia, in agreement with the Cochrane Colombia collaboration and within the framework of the Cochrane Corners strategy. Through the combination of indirect comparisons and based on the evidence, the use of aprepitant, ramosetron, granisetron, dexamethasone and ondansetron is recommended with a high degree of certainty for the reduction of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Este artículo especial tiene el objetivo de resumir y discutir desde la perspectiva de la anestesiología, el metaanálisis en red sobre fármacos para prevenir náuseas y vómito posoperatorio luego de anestesia general, en acuerdo con la colaboración Cochrane Colombia y en el marco de la estrategia Cochrane Corners. Mediante la combinación de la evidencia y el uso de comparaciones indirectas, se ha recomendado con alto grado de certeza el uso de aprepitant, ramosetrón, granisetrón, dexametasona y ondansetrón para la reducción de náuseas y vómito posoperatorio.